Five Points, Manhattan

Five Points (or The Five Points) was a notorious slum centered on the five-cornered intersection of Anthony (now Worth St.), Cross (now Mosco), and Orange (now Baxter) on Manhattan island, New York City, New York, in the United States. Today, the Five Points would be located about halfway between Chinatown and the Financial District, at or near the current interection of Baxter Street and Worth Street. The name Five Points derived from the five corners at this intersection, though over time, the intersection sometimes had four or six corners. The tenement buildings that made up the slum extended from current Mulberry Street to Little Water Street (a no longer extant north-south street that ran through southeast of the current corner of Worth Street and Centre Street, through what is now the New York County Courthouse).

History
The neighborhood took form by about 1820 next to the site of the former Collect Pond, which had been drained because of a severe pollution problem. The landfill job on the Collect was a poor one, and surface seepage to the southeast created swampy, insect-ridden conditions resulting in a precipitous drop in land value. Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled, leaving the neighborhood completely open to the influx of poor immigrants that started in the early 1820s and reached a torrent in the 1840s because of the Irish Potato Famine. It was situated close enough for a walking commute to the large mercantile employers of the day in and around the dockyards at the island’s southern tip, but it was far enough away from the built-up Wall Street area to allow a total remake of character.

At Five Points’ "height," only certain areas of London’s East End vied with it in the western world for sheer population density, disease, infant and child mortality, unemployment, prostitution, violent crime, and other classic ills of the urban destitute. However, it was the original American melting pot, at first consisting primarily of newly emancipated African Americans (gradual emancipation led to the end of slavery in New York on July 4, 1827), and newly arrived Irish.

The rough and tumble local politics of “the could Sixth ward” (The Points’ primary municipal voting district), while not free of corruption, set important precedents for the election of non-Anglo-Saxons to key offices. Although the tensions between the African Americans and the Irish were legendary, their cohabitation in Five Points was the first large-scale instance of volitional racial integration in American history. In the end, the Five Points African American community moved to Manhattan’s West Side and to the then-undeveloped north of the island.

Crime
Five Points is alleged to have sustained the highest murder rate of any slum in the world. According to New York legend, The Old Brewery, an overcrowded tenement housing 1,000 poor, is said to have had a murder a night for 15 years until its demolition in 1852. Many other sources dispute these figures, describing them as gross exaggerations of actual sustained averages.

Five Points was dominated by rival gangs like the Roach Guards, Dead Rabbits and Bowery Boys. According to Herbert Asbury's book "The Gangs of New York," police arrested 82,072 New Yorkers in 1862, or 10 percent of the city's population. In 1864, five police officers were murdered. To give a sense of the era, Asbury's book tells the story of a little girl who lived with 25 people in a small basement room and was stabbed to death for a penny she had begged. Asbury reports the girl's body lay in a corner for five days before her mother dug her a shallow grave in the floor.

Music
Almack’s dance hall (also known as “Pete Williams’s Place”) on the east side of Orange St. (today’s Baxter St.), just south of its intersection with Bayard St., was home to a fusion of Irish reels and jigs with the African shuffle. This music and dance had spontaneously appeared on the street from competition between African-American and Irish-American musicians and dancers, spilling into Almack's where it gave rise in the short term to Tap Dance (see Master Juba) and in the long term to a music hall genre that was a major precursor to American Jazz and Rock and Roll. This ground is today occupied by Columbus Park, used primarily by residents of modern Chinatown.

Demolition
Between 1885 and 1895, slum clearance efforts (promoted in particular by Jacob Riis, famed author of How the Other Half Lives) succeeded in razing Five Points and re-purposing the land&mdash;a pyrrhic victory in that the masses of the indigent simply moved to the nearby Lower East Side.

What was Five Points is today covered mostly by large city and state administration buildings known collectively as Foley Square, plus Columbus Park, Collect Pond Park and various facilities of the New York City Department of Corrections clustering around lower Centre Street. The corrections facilities are the most direct link to the neighborhood's past, as the infamous Tombs Prison, which housed many a Five Points marauder from 1838 on, stood near the site of the current "City Prison Manhattan" at 125 White St. The exact location of the former "five points" intersection itself is currently the intersection of Worth and Baxter. Mosco no longer extends to that intersection, and the section of Baxter south of it no longer exists.

The most enduring description of the neighborhood was penned by Charles Dickens in his 1842 work American Notes. As he strolled about Manhattan in his first visit to the United States he did not shrink from the worst areas of town. His account of the filth and wretchedness characterizing so much of the Five Points was balanced by an admiring description of the patrons of Almack's.

Later references
The neighborhood features in the nonfiction book The Gangs of New York by Herbert Asbury, published in 1928. Film director Martin Scorsese read the book in the 1970s, and eventually succeeded in making a fictionalized film loosely based on the book, 2002’s Gangs of New York.

In another film reference, in The Sting, mob boss Doyle Lonnegan (Robert Shaw) is known to come from Five Points; as part of the plan to gain Lonnergan's confidence, Johnny Hooker (Robert Redford) claims to be from the same neighborhood.